Walking stick | Description, Species, Size, Camouflage, Defense, Mimicry, & Facts | Britannica (2024)

insect

printPrint

Please select which sections you would like to print:

verifiedCite

While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies.Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions.

Select Citation Style

Feedback

Thank you for your feedback

Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article.

Also known as: Phasmatidae, stick insect

Written and fact-checked by

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors.

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica

Last Updated: Article History

Also called:
stick insect
Related Topics:
phasmid
Carausius
Anisomorpha buprestoides
Phryganistria chinensis
North American walkingstick

See all related content

walking stick, (order Phasmida, or Phasmatodea), any of about 3,000 species of slow-moving insects that are green or brown in color and bear a resemblance to twigs as a protective device. Walking sticks found in the tropics are the largest and most abundant.

Walking sticks are related to leaf insects, which are also in the order Phasmida.

Taxonomy

  • Kingdom: Animalia

  • Phylum: Arthropoda

  • Class: Insecta

  • Order: Phasmida (or Phasmatodea)

See also list of insects.

Physical description

Walking sticks have a long, narrow thorax and an extended abdomen. They are often wingless and characteristically have long legs adapted for walking. Among winged species, the front wings of some are short and leathery, whereas others have large, colorful hind wings that are kept folded over the abdomen. The head features mandibulate mouthparts and long antennae, and lacks tympanum (the hearing organ for insects). The female ovipositor is short and often concealed. Walking sticks are unusual among the insects in that they have the ability to regenerate legs and antennae.

Britannica QuizMatch the Baby Animal to Its Mama Quiz

Both the form and coloration of walking stick insects serves as a form of protective mimicry, often with extraordinary detail. Some species can change their color to match that of the background by moving pigment granules in their epidermal cells. In addition to their camouflage, certain species have sharp spines, an offensive odor, or the ability to force their hemolymph (the invertebrate equivalent of blood and lymph), which contains toxic, distasteful chemicals, through special joints in the exoskeleton. In many species the eggs closely resemble seeds.

Read Britannica’s 9 Animals That Look Like Leaves

Natural history

While some walking sticks complete their life cycle in a single year, other species have a life cycle that can occupy two or more full years. In such species the eggs are not hatched until one or more years after they are laid, meaning that more than one winter or dry season is passed in the egg stage. For instance, a walking stick commonly found in the United States, Diapheromera femorata, often has some eggs that hatch the year following deposition and others that hatch after two winters have been passed amid dead leaves on the ground.

Some genera (e.g., Carausius) rarely produce males. The eggs develop without fertilization in a process known as parthenogenesis.

Walking stick | Description, Species, Size, Camouflage, Defense, Mimicry, & Facts | Britannica (5)

Get Unlimited Access

Try Britannica Premium for free and discover more.

Subscribe

Major species

The longest specimen collected, belonging to the species Phryganistria chinensis, measured 62.4 cm (about 2 feet). Other large specimens—measuring more than 30 cm (12 inches) in body length—belong to the species Phobaeticus chani and Phobaeticus kirbyi, which are native to Borneo.

The North American species Diapheromera femorata may defoliate oak trees during heavy infestations.

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica This article was most recently revised and updated by Melissa Petruzzello.

Walking stick | Description, Species, Size, Camouflage, Defense, Mimicry, & Facts | Britannica (2024)

References

Top Articles
Latest Posts
Recommended Articles
Article information

Author: Duane Harber

Last Updated:

Views: 6101

Rating: 4 / 5 (71 voted)

Reviews: 86% of readers found this page helpful

Author information

Name: Duane Harber

Birthday: 1999-10-17

Address: Apt. 404 9899 Magnolia Roads, Port Royceville, ID 78186

Phone: +186911129794335

Job: Human Hospitality Planner

Hobby: Listening to music, Orienteering, Knapping, Dance, Mountain biking, Fishing, Pottery

Introduction: My name is Duane Harber, I am a modern, clever, handsome, fair, agreeable, inexpensive, beautiful person who loves writing and wants to share my knowledge and understanding with you.